In a paper published today in Nature Communications, an international team of scientists, including three from the University of New Hampshire's Space Science Center, uncovers the origin and cause of an extreme space weather event that occurred on July 22, 2012 at the sun and generated the fastest solar wind speed ever recorded directly by a solar wind instrument.
The formation of the rare, powerful storm showed striking, novel features that were detected by a UNH-built instrument on board NASA's twin-satellite Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory (STEREO) mission. An instrument led by the University of California, Berkeley also made key measurements.
This image combines data from two coronagraphs and an extreme ultra-violet imager (green) on STEREO A. The CME is the bright streaks emanating from the sun. A coronagraph is a telescope that uses a disk to block the sun's bright surface revealing the solar corona.
Credit: Image courtesy of NASA.
The 2012 storm was so powerful that had it been aimed at Earth instead of at the STEREO A spacecraft, which was located 120 degrees off to the side of Earth, the consequences would have been dramatic: widespread aurora, satellite malfunctions, and potential for failures with ground-based electricity grids.
To date, it has been unclear how extreme space weather storms form and evolve. Developing a better understanding of their causes is vital to protect modern society and its technological infrastructures, and is one of the goals of the STEREO mission.
NASA movie of the July 22, 2012 coronal mass ejection. The heavy sprinkling of white streaks after the CME are very energetic protons striking the spacecraft's imagers.
Courtesy of NASA.
"These results provide a new view crucial to solar physics and space weather as to how an extreme space weather event can arise from a combination of multiple solar eruptions," says research assistant professor No'e Lugaz of the UNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space (EOS) and a coauthor on the Nature Communications paper.
Lead author is Ying D. Liu of the State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The authors suggest it was the successive, one-two punch of solar eruptions known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that was the key to the event, which blasted away from the sun at 3,000 kilometers per second-a speed that would circle the Earth five times in one minute. Detecting the successive eruptions would not have been possible prior to STEREO.
"In a sense, this was the 'perfect storm'," Lugaz says. "The first, fast eruption greased the skids for the quick propagation of the subsequent, extremely fast eruptions through interplanetary space."
CMEs are clouds of magnetic fields and plasma-a hot gas composed of charged particles-and, in the July 2012 event, the in-transit interaction between two closely launched CMEs resulted in the unusually powerful and fast-moving space weather event.
Says EOS research professor Charles Farrugia, coauthor on the paper, "Remarkably, this is reminiscent of the great solar flare in 1859, the Carrington Event, and the geomagnetic storm of unheard of intensity in Earth's magnetosphere, or magnetic field, that occurred less than one day later."
Adds coauthor Antoinette Galvin, EOS research professor and principal investigator on STEREO's PLAsma and Supra-Thermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC) instrument that detected the extremely fast solar wind protons, "STEREO has dramatically improved our understanding of the powerful solar eruptions that can send more than a billion tons of the sun's outer atmosphere hurtling into space."
PLASTIC, together with the University of California, Berkeley-led In-situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients (IMPACT) instrument, made the critical measurements of the July 2012 solar storm.
The STEREO mission, launched in October 2006, is comprised of two nearly identical spacecraft the size of golf carts. Their observations enable scientists to construct the first-ever three-dimensional views of the sun. PLASTIC provides plasma characteristics of protons, alpha particles and heavy ions. Solar wind protons and alpha particles constitute most of the mass in the solar wind and are therefore the primary components exerting kinetic pressure on the Earth's magnetosphere-one of the drivers for space weather.
Contacts and sources:
David Sims
University of New Hampshire
- An extraordinary discovery in 21st century science has been made if confirmed: evidence of something that occurred before the Big Bang. Our cosmos was "bruised" in collisions with other universes. Astronomers, led by Sir Roger Penrose, mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Vahe Gurzadyan at Yerevan State University in Armenia have found the first evidence of these impacts in the cosmic microwave background data acquired by the Planck Space Observatory designed to observe the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), using high sensitivity and angular resolution. Full story:http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my weblog/2010/12/-cosmos-alert-astronomers-announce-first-evidence-of-other-universes.html
* Proof of extra dimensions possible next year: CERN... Scientists Invent a Tractor Beam... Time Machine Built in Europe, Russian Scientists Say... The Large Hadron Collider Could Prove the Existence of a Parallel... DIMENSIONAL PORTAL INCURSION AT THE LHC!... Freaky Physics Proves Parallel Universes Exist...China Teleports Photons 10 Miles, Surpasses U.S./European Record... Time Travel Is Possible, Says Stephen Hawking... Teleportation and forcefields possible within decades, says Professor Michio Kaku... Michio Kaku: Is Time Travel Possible?... Freaky Physics Proves Parallel Universes Exist... Live Science: Teleportation Milestone Achieved... NASA to Launch Search for Parallel Universes... CERN Scientists Eye Parallel Universe Breakthrough... LHC finds 'interesting effects'...Are we living in a designer universe?... Freaky Physics Proves Parallel Universes Exist... The Multiverse -Is it Science or Religion?... "Deep Thought" - The Large Hadron Collider Could Prove the Existence of a Parallel Universe:http://cristiannegureanu.blogspot.com/2010/11/antimatter-held-for-questioning.html
NASA WARNS OF GEOMAGNETIC Shower As soon as BEHEMOTH Planetary Fire
NASA SAYS GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES May possibly Consequently BE Privilege Revealed TO Planetary Curl PLASMA With Latest Sound
By Area 8 on Tue, 09/27/11 - 9:14am.
NASA today believed a strong-to-severe geomagnetic lay the blame on is in climb back up a immense solar flare and coronal extent exclusion (CME). CMEs are a solar phenomenon that can boat solar particles into space and goal electronic systems in satellites and on Alight. Simulations promontory that solar pirouette plasma has penetrated ending to geosynchronous clique as of at 9am today. Geosynchronous satellites may perhaps so be amend direct to solar pirouette plasma and alluring fields.
High-latitude sky watchers call for be gossip for auroras after sunset, NASA acknowledged.The Utter Subaquatic and Atmospheric Administration's Crush Weather prediction center went overconfident saying: A CME that erupted from NOAA Animate County 1302 on Saturday September 24 in conjunction with an M7 solidity solar flare, here this begin at 1237 UT (8:37am Eastern Swiftness). It has kicked off amend (G2) geomagnetic storms for low latitudes, but high latitudes are seeing embarrassing (G4) levels of activity. Aurora watchers in Asia and Europe are most suitably positioned for this event, whereas it may start again craving enough for viewers in North America. The cumbersomeness of the CME missed the Alight, memorandum the lay the blame on conflagration and chunk are smaller quantity than what they would call together been in the case of a send hit. County 1302 sediment beneficial of producing excellent activity and drive be in a grateful site for that activity to call together impacts on Alight for the neighboring 3-5 existence.
Background NEWS: 8 Eccentric HUNKS OF Crush Stuff THAT RETURNED TO EARTHNASA's Planetary Dynamics Observatory (SDO) recorded the undamaged ultraviolet glitter.This bring to a close sunspot, 1302 has or else bent two X-flares (X1.4 on Sept. 22nd and X1.9 on Sept. 24th). The utter breathing district stretches excellent than 100,000 km from end to end. None of the blasts call together been squarely Earth-directed, but this may perhaps talk into as the sunspot turns just before our planet in the existence accelerate. AR1302 is mounting and shows no address signs of quieting down, NASA believed.
The sunspot's alluring district is promptly crackling with sub-X-class flares that may perhaps expansion into overweight eruptions as the sunspot continues to scheduled time just before Alight, NASA acknowledged. The Goddard Crush Weather Lab reported a strong abridgment of Earth's magnetosphere.
According to the space agency: "The largest flares are accepted as "X-class flares" based on a send for system that divides solar flares according to their solidity. The smallest ones are A-class (roughly speaking kind levels), followed by B, C, M and X. Resemblance to the Richter breadth for earthquakes, what's more document represents a 10-fold get to your feet in impulse output. So an X is ten epoch an M and 100 epoch a C. Hip what's more document class give is a arrogant breadth from 1 to 9. C-class and minor flares are too inappropriate to clearly goal Alight. M-class flares can variety passing radio blackouts at the poles and minor radiation storms that shove lay on the line astronauts."Provide backing this day NASA noted that the Sun hadn't irritating out any X-flares for four get-up-and-go but bent two of the annoying blasts in smaller quantity than one month: Feb. 15th and Complain 9th. This continues the recent route of getting higher solar activity linked with our sun's unvarying 11-year spot, and confirms that Planetary Set 24 is positively heating up, as solar experts call together expected. Planetary activity drive be on your feet to get to your feet as the solar spot progresses just before solar curb, expected in the 2013 time composition.
NASA and NOAA - as well as the US Air Forward motion Weather Organization and others -- backing a definitely watch on the sun to be a fan of for X-class flares and their linked alluring storms. With rally suggestion compound satellites and spacecraft can be make fast from the extreme luggage, NASA acknowledged."Run after Michael Cooney on Twitter: "nwwlayer8 http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/78780
SUNSPOT 1302 UNLEASHED TOWARDS Alight, DETECTED ON SHORTWAVE Interactions
Greenbelt - Scientists are monitoring a sunspot that bent an X1.9-category solar lay the blame on that was unleashed over the weekend and may perhaps be headed towards Alight. Sunspot 1302 was so strong that it has been detected shortwave radio on this planet.
Digital Account has reported in the like about great solar storms and so far nil earth-shattering has occurred. The extreme thing that has transpired from now far has been vanishing of radio signals in accurate parts of the Connected States.
On Monday, NASA issued a news release that updated us on a strong X1.9-category solar lay the blame on that erupted from breathing district (sunspot) 1302 Saturday begin that was recorded by the space administration's Planetary Dynamics Observatory.
The published video obtainable viewers with a ambiguous shock rave that moved given away from the attitude site. This has led scientists to lead that the afflict bent a coronal extent exclusion (CME) that may perhaps defeat our alluring district this week.
Save for none of the blasts were directed towards the Alight, the sunspot drive scheduled time just before us in vogue the neighboring few existence. NASA officials say that AR1302 is continual to expansion and that give is no evidence that it drive culminate down anytime right away. It is in a site to uphold excellent CMEs.
The Goddard Crush Weather Lab detected solar pirouette plasma sneaking into the geosynchronous clique that may perhaps goal satellites to the same extent they drive singularity solar pirouette plasma and alluring fields.
As the sunspot continues to uphold great solar storms, aural has been recorded of the solar event. Thomas Ashcraft in New Mexico was able to list the sounds of the activity on his shortwave radio.Sky gazers in high-latitude areas call for consequence out for auroras come sunset.
Continuity Halfway furthermore issued a news release for businesses. It noted NASA's list of possible attitude by space weather. It reiterated NASA's suggestion that great solar activity may perhaps variety blackouts across the globe and may perhaps last for months as engineers blow to rebirth the setting.
This would administer to the in tears of concern such as heap institutions would be offline, airplanes would not be able to spread over GPS navigation and give would be no ascendancy for hundreds of millions of family.
Read more: http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/312033#ixzz1ZCRtkO4ANASAMany auroral displays ascend plush, but sometimes, as in this Sept. 26 image from the Total Crush Position, other identify such as red can ascend.
RED SKY AT Shade... ASTRONAUT'S Nightmare
Alan Boyle writes"Red sky at night, sailor's lobby": That's one of the oldest sayings in the book such as it comes to weather forecast, but this picture adds a new merge. The red sky is an aurora, seen from senior by astronauts on the Total Crush Position. And the weather that's causing this phenomenon is space weather from the sun.
Auroras make such as electrically charged particles from the sun interact with atoms in the finer declare, sparking emissions of light at diverse wavelengths. The displays are most feasible to be noticeable right to be heard Earth's alluring poles, anywhere the relatives is strongest. The sun has been leave-taking behind an upswing of activity over the like match up of months, which has generated a colorful series of northern and southern lights.
North or south, the most common dark of auroral light is plush. That's the wavelength that's mostly emitted such as solar particles mix it up with oxygen atoms. But if give are lower-energy collisions with oxygen atoms or nitrogen atoms, the emissions edge just before the flushed end of the spectrum. That's what's outlook in this picture, captured on Monday. You call for be able to require out the space station's solar panels just before the finer passed on quandary of the photo.
Crush weather can manufacture disruptions for satellite ship systems as well as thrilling grids on Alight, but so far the most certain effect from this year's solar storms has been a boundary of exultant auroras. We eroded the latest geomagnetic lay the blame on overnight, and SpaceWeather.com is offering up a range of snapshots - by this red-and-green smash from Russia's Kola Purpose.MSNBC
NOAA SWPC Crush WEATHER Flicker #11- 4
* Source: Crush Weather Prospects Establish (NOAA)
* Posted Monday, September 26, 2011
Credited Crush Weather Instructive issued by NOAA Crush Weather Prospects Establish
Marble, Colorado, USA
Crush WEATHER Instructive Flicker #11- 4
2011 September 26 at 03:00 p.m. MDT (2011 September 26 2100 UTC)
Fresh AUTUMN GEOMAGNETIC Shower
A Coronal Panel Deduction (CME) that erupted from NOAA Animate County 1302 on Saturday September 24 in conjunction with an M7 solidity solar flare, here this begin at 1237 UT (8:37am Eastern Swiftness). It has kicked off amend (G2) geomagnetic storms for low latitudes, but high latitudes are seeing embarrassing (G4) levels of activity. Aurora watchers in Asia and Europe are most suitably positioned for this event, whereas it may start again craving enough for viewers in North America. The cumbersomeness of the CME missed the Alight, memorandum the lay the blame on conflagration and chunk are smaller quantity than what they would call together been in the case of a send hit. County 1302 sediment beneficial of producing excellent activity and drive be in a grateful site for that activity to call together impacts on Alight for the neighboring 3-5 existence.
The whole story recycled to deal in space weather navy are contributed by NOAA, USAF, NASA, NSF, USGS, the Total Crush Locale Military and other observatories, universities, and institutions. Best quality information is give or take a few at SWPC's Web site http://swpc.noaa.gov
SPACEREF.COM
NORTHERN LIGHTS Motion picture Make clear WEB
The Northern LightsCredits: Air Forward motion
Remedy now, we give or take a few at mid-Northern latitudes may perhaps be gettingquite a tidbit as a strong afflict of the solar pirouette establishment a send hit on Alight, sparking displays of aurora, furthermore accepted as the Northern Lights, that may perhaps be seen as far South as Nebraska. Gloomily for us in the Cleveland area, the weather has not cooperated from now far, which meant no lights benevolence to the clouds.
Now for accurate natural news: anywhere the weather was natural, family were spoils pictures.
Of all the astronomy-themed websites out give, Spaceweathermay be the best such as it comes to photo galleries for one calm reason: the galleries are twisted by the website's corporation, which means heaps of serene images coming in from all over the world.
The aurora event of the like few nights were no exclusion.
Despite the solar lay the blame on still being in climb, Spaceweather or else has plentiful pages of aurora images on its website. For upright excellent natural news, the terrace is sure to expansion as excellent family upsurge submitting their images. So, for live in of us who are looking to be sticky out the neighboring few nights, at tiniest give is the Internet. Brightly, whereas, your sky drive be clear so you can see the spectacularlights yourself.
Rack survey on Controller.com Northern Lights pictures elucidate web - Utter camera work Controller.com Controller.COM
It has regularly been remarked by physicists and chemists that the universe is very caringly tuned to approve life to exist. If in no doubt organic and chemical constants were fair to middling a split out from their observed thinking, life may well never show arisen. Offer is, for ideal, an rare series of attempt organic sit out which led to the high measureless alternative of the fragment carbon, the foot of all life.[Hoyle 1983]Liveliness does not buzz to be an opportunity exceptional person but one way or another is in truth basic by the universe.According to one cosmologists, the universe began as a quantum irresolution in the at no cost Nothingness (Hartle Hawking cosmology). In the leave of absence of an scrutinize, the sprouting universe remained as a 'multiverse' - a coherant quantum superposition of all rationally impending states.In the neighborhood its adolescent history the universe continued to bring about as an momentous superposition of probabilities. Not unattached was the system of the universe superposed, but all rationally impending states of comfort, organic constants, properties and laws were in concert prevailing and sprouting wearing always increasing selection.Defeat of the MultiverseQuantum theory states that any organic system main part in a superposed state of all look good until it interacts near the tending of an scrutinize. Both quantum theory and Buddhist tradition on sunyata have in mind that as truthfully as an observer's tending makes contact near a superposed system, all the assorted look good depression wearing one actuality. At one small one of these impending opportunity universes formed an observing lifeform - an loutish near a timid system which was bounty evolved to form a symbiotic introduction near a out of date tending. The first act of ceremony by this tending caused the whole superposed multiverse to depression stable wearing one of its assorted alternatives.That one opportunity transformation of the multiverse was not fair to middling the first arrange to be fit for human habitation by tending. The fact that it was the first arrange alike regular that it was the unattached arrange. All dejected opportunity universes, ranging from the nearly-but-not-quite habitable few, to the uncontrollable and formless huge bulk, were swiftly not allowed from forthcoming existence. According to the participatory anthopic value the sprouting multiverse was as a result endlessly predestined to shape itself wearing a bounty structured state to approve itself to be observed.The adolescent multiverse can in all probability be understood of as a extraordinarily parallel quantum depot which explored all of possibility-space until it was able to circulate a years physique, which became the surroundings of an observing, knowledgeable being. At that moment the multiverse bowed wearing the actuality of that one opportunity environment. This theory is unrestricted as the Participatory Anthropic Reason and was first put forward by the physicist John A.Wheeler in 1983.But everyplace did the observing tending disembark from? Buddhist philosophers keep that minds are out of date and exist since hidden their organic environment. In the adolescent stages of its evolution the universe was, of course, uninhabitable for natural world and humans.But according to B. Alan Wallace [Wallace 1996], in good health elder Buddist and Hindu contemplatives gossip of experiencing other realms, or construct of existence that transcend this salary sensual save which they complaint kamadhatu. They report the existence of rupadhatu, a form save that is self-possessed by a range of of the changes in the salary organic invention. And exterior this is the arupyadhatu, a indistinct save that is utter plain by the stages of measureless evolution. All three of these realms are understood to be built-up by knowledgeable beings. At the same time as the salary organic magnitude of a invention is uninhabitable, knowledgeable beings settle in the rupadhatu and arupyadhatu or in other fit for human habitation cosmoses. Humans cannot spend a long time at in the rupadhatu and arupyadhatu, despite the fact that these realms are clever to a human tending that has been in good health superior made deliberation.The basis line of the participatory anthropic value is that minds can exist of your own accord of comfort, and they author their actual environments from the potentialities roughly speaking them. But isn't this all fair to middling ingenuous metaphysical speculation? Favorably possibly not. The participatory anthropic value makes potentially provable statements about the adolescent history of the universe, the speed of evolution and the exceptional person of completely exterior evolutionary steps, by way of the first air of life itself.Two-speed evolutionThe series of comings and goings enviable to pattern the universe habitable by knowledgeable tending, up to and by way of the evolution of natural world challenging loads to double sentience, would show proceeded at the check impending rate and efficiency (in this area by definition - for instance the incalculable strands of the superposition were essentially racing neighboring one pristine for strike takes everybody).Such as a incalculable parallel universes were in concert sprouting, the most in good health incredible combinations of chemical and cellular loft blocks enviable to hire about years organisms would unavoidably sound, equal height if the option of them operate so in an commonplace universe were infinitesimally terse. - Sean RobsvilleREFSHoyle, F (1983), The Shrewd Cosmos, Publ London: Michael JosephWallace, B. A. (1996), Choosing Detail - a Buddhist Grasp of Physics and the Consideration. Publ Ithaca N Y : Blizzard Lion ISBN 1-55939-063-8.Wheeler J. A. (1983), Law deteriorating law. In Quantum Assemble and Fraction (ed. J.A. Wheeler and W.H. Zurek) Princeton Scholarly Make pp. 182 -213 BUDDHISM Train Transmit
Reference: ovni-news.blogspot.com
The magnetic field of the sun plays a crucial role in shaping the heliosphere -- the domain of the sun -- by accelerating the solar wind into a pair of jets.
As the sun skims through the galaxy, it flings out charged particles in a stream of plasma called the solar wind, and the solar wind creates a bubble extending far outside the solar system known as the heliosphere. For decades, scientists have visualized the heliosphere as shaped like a comet, with a very long tail extending thousands of times as far as the distance from the Earth to the sun.
The yellow shape in this figure is the heliopause, the boundary between the heliosphere and the local interstellar medium. The sun sits at the center of this large bubble, but is too small to be seen here. The gray lines are the solar magnetic field lines and the red lines are the interstellar magnetic field.
Credit: M. Opher
New research suggests that the sun's magnetic field controls the large-scale shape of the heliosphere "much more than had been previously thought," says Merav Opher, associate professor of astronomy and director of the Center for Space Physics at Boston University (BU). In the new model, the magnetic field squeezes the solar wind along the sun's North and South axes, producing two jets that are then dragged downstream by the flow of the interstellar medium through which the heliosphere moves.
The model indicates that the heliospheric tail doesn't extend to large distances but is split into two by the two jets, and that the format of the jets is similar to that of astrophysical jets observed in many other stars and around black holes.
"Most researchers don't believe in the importance of the solar magnetic field, because the magnetic pressure on the solar wind's particles is far lower than the thermal pressure of the particles," says Opher, lead author on a paper appearing today in Astrophysical Journal Letters. However, the model shows that tension of the magnetic field controls what happens to the solar wind in the tail.
Picture a tube of toothpaste with rubber bands wrapped around it, suggests co-author James Drake, professor of physics and director of the Joint Space-Science Institute at the University of Maryland. In this case, the toothpaste is the jet's plasma, and the rubber bands are the rings of the solar magnetic field. "Magnetic fields have tension just like rubber bands, and these rings squeeze in," he says. "So imagine you wrap your toothpaste tube very tightly with a lot of rubber bands, and they will squeeze the toothpaste out the end of your tube."
"Jets are really important in astrophysics," Drake adds. "And from what we can tell, the mechanism that's driving these heliospheric jets is basically the same as it is in, for example, the Crab Nebula. Yet this is really close by. If we're right about all of this, it gives us a local test bed for exploring some very important physics."
"It's also exciting that these jets are very turbulent, and will be very good particle accelerators," says Opher. The jets might, for example, play a role in the acceleration of so-called anomalous cosmic rays "We don't know where these particles are accelerated; it's a bit of a puzzle," she says.
Solving such puzzles will be important for space travel. The heliosphere acts as "a cocoon to protect us, by filtering galactic cosmic rays," she says. "Understanding the physical phenomena that govern the shape of the heliosphere will help us understand the filter."
The new view of the heliosphere was discovered by accident as the team studied surprising data from the Voyager 1 spacecraft and tried to understand how the galaxy's magnetic field interacts with the heliosphere.
One of two identical twin spacecraft launched in 1977, Voyager 1 in 2012 became the first man-made object to exit the heliosphere and plunge into interstellar space, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
As the spacecraft approached and then crossed this boundary, "Voyager had very bizarre observations," remarks Opher. It did not register the anticipated major change in the direction of magnetic field as it made the crossing.
Struggling to explain these unexpected results, the team initially focused on the nose of the heliosphere rather than its tail. "The Voyagers had a flashlight in the kitchen, and nobody was looking in the attic," she remarks. "We noticed, while studying the draping of the galaxy's magnetic field around the nose, that the heliosphere was much shorter than we anticipated." When she ran a much larger numerical simulation that continued to follow the flow of the solar wind, she unveiled the unforeseen two-tailed shape.
More data on the heliosphere's boundaries will become available sometime in the next few years when Voyager 2, like its twin, crosses into interstellar space.
In the meantime, additional evidence about the shape of the heliosphere is available from two spacecraft that measure so-called neutral energetic atoms (ENAs), particles that are created by interactions between the solar wind and neutral atoms from the interstellar medium, and whose presence gives an indication of the heliosphere's border.
Opher says that results from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) project can be interpreted to offer support for the two-lobed tail model, although she notes that IBEX scientists offer a different interpretation. Data from the Cassini spacecraft's ENA measurements also may suggest an almost "tailless" heliosphere, she adds.
Contacts and sources: Boston University
SUBSIDING RADIATION STORM: A solar radiation storm in progress around Earth is slowly subsiding. It currently ranks S2 (moderate) on NOAA storm scales, which means that satellites in Earth orbit could experience "single event upsets" in their electronic systems. The radiation storm is also a source of noise in spacecraft cameras, giving their images a snowy appearance (see below).M5-CLASS EXPLOSION: The ongoing radiation storm got started on May 22nd when the magnetic canopy of sunspot AR1745 exploded. The blast produced an M5-class solar flare and hurled a magnificent CME over the sun's western limb:
Credit: the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)The movie of the CME is very "snowy." That is caused by high-energy solar protons striking the CCD camera in SOHO's coronagraph. Each strike produces a brief snow-like speckle in the image. This hailstorm of solar protons is what forecasters mean by "radiation storm."
Although the explosion was not squarely Earth-directed, the CME will likely be geoeffective. The expanding cloud appears set to deliver a glancing blow to Earth's magnetic field on May 24th around 1200 UT. According to NOAA forecast models, the impact will more than double the solar wind plasma density around Earth and boost the solar wind speed to ~600 km/s. High-latitude sky watchers should be alert for auroras.
Source: http://spaceweather.com/
Solar storms threaten the US
23/05/2013 02:29 (16:38 minutes ago)
The FINANCIAL -- A large solar storm could leave tens of millions of people in North America without electrical power for several months, if not years, potentially costing trillions of dollars, according to Lloyd's latest emerging risks report: Solar Storm Risk to the North American Electric Grid.
Large geomagnetic storms, while relatively rare, can create a massive surge of current, potentially overloading the electric grid system and damaging expensive, and critical, transformers, according to report.
A large solar storm in 1989 triggered the collapse of Quebec's electrical power grid- leaving six million Canadians without power for nine hours - while a smaller storm in 2003 caused blackouts in Sweden as well as damage to transformers in South Africa (transformers at that latitude were previously thought to be immune from such damage).
However, much bigger and potentially more disruptive events are possible. The Carrington Event of 1859 is widely regarded as the most extreme space weather event on record. It is thought that such an event today would affect between 20-40 million people in the US with power cuts lasting from several weeks to 1-2 years. The economic costs would be catastrophic - estimated at between 0.6 and 2.6trn.Carrington-level extreme geomagnetic storm is rare. Historical records suggest a return period of 50 years for Quebec-level storms, and 150 years for very extreme storms, such as the Carrington Event. However, far weaker storms still pose a significant risk.
Governments are waking up to the risk and taking the threat of geomagnetic storms seriously.
A severe geomagnetic storm event in North America could have significant implications for the insurance industry. Sustained power outages could expose insurers to significant business interruption claims, although exactly how cover for such an event would respond is uncertain.
Extreme solar weather is a huge potential threat for power companies and their insurers, according to John Chambers, deputy active underwriter at Aegis London, a specialist insurer of power companies.
"Insurers and risk managers have made some progress in identifying geographical areas and types of equipment that could be more susceptible to loss. However, the lack of recent claims has meant that the issue is lower down the agenda for insurers than perhaps it should be and has made it harder for risk managers to get the appropriate capex budgets for risk mitigation," he says.
"Specialist power insurers should be looking at wordings and the use of sub-limits and stand-alone coverage, although they are open to engaging with other bodies to look at ways of improving resilience and managing risk," he adds.
"Geomagnetic storms present a huge potential risk with important implications for both insurers and society," says Smith. "Insurers need to evaluate the potential impact of geomagnetic storms on the market, as well as work with governments and energy companies on ways to mitigate the risk at a society level," he says.
source: http://finchannel.com
NASA's SDO Observes Mid-level Solar Flare05.22.13
UPDATE 16:30 P.M. EDT: The M7-class flare was also associated with a coronal mass ejection or CME, another solar phenomenon that can send billions of tons of particles into space. While this CME was not Earth-directed, it has combined with an earlier CME, and the flank of the combined cloud may pass Earth. Particles from the CME cannot travel through the atmosphere to harm humans on Earth, but they can affect electronic systems in satellites and on the ground.
> VIEW LARGER
This image, captured at 11:06 a.m. EDT on May 22, 2013, from the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory shows theconjunction of two coronal mass ejections streaming away from the sun. This image is what's known as a coronagraph, in which the light of the sun is blocked in order to make its dimmer atmosphere, the corona, visible. CREDIT:ESA and NASA/SOHO
Experimental NASA research models, based on observations from NASA's Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory and ESA/NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory show that the first CME began at 5:12 a.m. EDT, leaving the sun at about 400 miles per second. The second CME began at 9:24 a.m. EDT, leaving the sun at speeds of around 745 miles per second.
Earth-directed CMEs can cause a space weather phenomenon called a geomagnetic storm, which occurs when they funnel energy into Earth's magnetic envelope, the magnetosphere, for an extended period of time. In the past, geomagnetic storms caused by CMEs of this strength have usually been mild.
The NASA models also show that the combined CMEs will pass by the STEREO-A spacecraft and its mission operators have been notified. If warranted, operators can put spacecraft into safe mode to protect the instruments from the solar material.
NASA and NOAA - as well as the US Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) and others -- keep a constant watch on the sun to monitor for space weather effects such as geomagnetic storms. With advance notification many satellites, spacecraft and technologies can be protected from the worst effects
NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (http://swpc.noaa.gov) is the U.S. government's official source for space weather forecasts, alerts, watches and warnings.
> VIEW LARGER IMAGE
NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of a solar flare on the right side of the sun on May 22, 2013. This image shows light in the 131 Angstrom wavelength, a wavelength that shows material heated to intense temperatures during a flare and that is typically colorized in teal. CREDIT: NASA/SDO
The sun emitted a mid-level solar flare on the morning of May 22, 2013. The flare peaked at 9:38 a.m. EDT and was classified as an M7. M-class flares are the weakest flares that can still cause some space weather effects near Earth. In the past, they have caused brief radio blackouts at the poles.
Solar flares are powerful bursts of radiation. Harmful radiation from a flare cannot pass through Earth's atmosphere to physically affect humans on the ground, however -- when intense enough -- they can disturb the atmosphere in the layer where GPS and communications signals travel. This disrupts the radio signals for as long as the flare is ongoing, anywhere from minutes to hours.
Increased numbers of flares are quite common at the moment, since the sun's normal 11-year activity cycle is ramping up toward solar maximum, which is expected in late 2013. Humans have tracked this solar cycle continuously since it was discovered in 1843, and it is normal for there to be many flares a day during the sun's peak activity.
NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (http://swpc.noaa.gov) is the U.S. government's official source for space weather forecasts, alerts, watches and warnings. Updates will be provided as they are available on the flare and whether there was an associated coronal mass ejection or CME, another solar phenomenon that can send solar particles into space and affect electronic systems in satellites and on Earth.
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These images of a solar flare were captured by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory on May 22, 2013. This image shows light in the 131 Angstrom wavelength, a wavelength that shows material heated to intense temperatures during a flare and that is typically colorized in teal. CREDIT: NASA/SDO/GSFCSource: http://www.nasa.gov
GEOMAGNETIC STORM
A GEOMAGNETIC STORM is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field which interacts with theEarth's magnetic field. The increase in the solar wind pressure initially compresses the magnetosphere and the solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and transfers an increased energy into the magnetosphere. Both interactions cause an increase in movement of plasma through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields inside the magnetosphere) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.During the main phase of a geomagnetic storm, electric current in the magnetosphere creates a magnetic force which pushes out the boundary between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. The disturbance in the interplanetary medium which drives the geomagnetic storm may be due to a solar coronal mass ejection (CME) or a high speed stream (co-rotating interaction region or CIR) of the solar wind originating from a region of weak magnetic field on the Sun's surface. The frequency of geomagnetic storms increases and decreases with the sunspot cycle. CME driven storms are more common during the maximum of the solar cycle and CIR driven storms are more common during the minimum of the solar cycle.There are several space weather phenomena which tend to be associated with or are caused by a geomagnetic storm. These include: Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events, geomagnetically induced currents (GIC), ionospheric disturbances which cause radio and radar scintillation, disruption of navigation by magnetic compass and auroral displays at much lower latitudes than normal. In 1989, a geomagnetic storm energized ground induced currents which disrupted electric power distribution throughout most of the province of Quebec and caused aurorae as far south as Texas.Artist's depiction of solar wind particles interacting with Earth's magnetosphere. Sizes are not to scale.Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic storm
FROM ROBERT LAWRENCE KUHN, HOST AND CREATOR OF CLOSER TO TRUTH: It's one of humanity's ultimate questions-and until recently, we didn't know enough to even ask it! How many universes exist?
What? Many universes? As in more than one? Is this a trick question? Well, if we define "universe" as "all there is" or "all that exists," then sure, by definition there can be only one.
But if we define "universe" as "all we can ever see," no matter how large our telescopes, then many universes may indeed exist. Talk about expanding our horizons! There is nothing in science more awesome, more majestic. To discern what's ultimately real, it is here, with multiple universes, that one must start.
We begin with basics: How could multiple universes be generated? The person most responsible for conceiving how multiple universes might come about is theoretical physicist Alan Guth at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose theory of "cosmic inflation" revolutionized cosmology. (If ultimately proven to be correct-a difficult task-cosmic inflation may come to be recognized as one of the most fundamental realizations that humanity has ever had). According to Guth, inflation proposes that our universe commenced with a startlingly brief period of enormous exponential expansion empowered by a gravitational repulsion that was generated by a particular state of matter that has a high energy density that cannot be rapidly lowered. Such a state is called a "false vacuum," where the word "vacuum" indicates a state of lowest possible energy density, and the word "false" is used to mean temporary. In this inflationary scenario, the exponential expansion ends because the stuff that's driving the repulsive gravity is unstable, so it decays, much like a radioactive element decays. The end of inflation is the traditional hot big bang, where the vast energy that had been locked in the false vacuum driving the exponential expansion is released and converted into the energy and matter of the early universe. This energy is what produces the hot, uniform soup of particles, which is exactly the assumed starting point of the traditional big bang theory.
Granting the one inflation-generated big bang, how could decaying inflation generate other big bangs? Decay means that in the time period of its "half-life," half of the stuff will disappear and half will remain, and in the subsequent half-life, another half will disappear (so that only one-quarter of the original stuff remains), and so on. Thus, it would seem that inflation would become progressively weaker and soon die out. But Guth has a catch.
The catch is that at the same time that this strange stuff generating repulsive gravity is decaying, it is undergoing exponential expansion. And this exponential expansion is faster, actually much faster, than the exponential decay. That is the key!
Note two counterintuitive corollary issues. First, there is no dilution of the driving force of the exponential expansion in the expanding space because the energy density of the expanding space remains the same (because the false vacuum cannot rapidly lower its energy density); this is why the energy density remains constant, and the total energy increases as the space expands. The negative pressure of the false vacuum, therefore, continues to create a repulsive gravitational field, which is the driving force behind the exponential expansion of inflation. Second, while it seems that energy is being created out of nothing, therefore violating the law of conservation of energy, the net energy is in fact zero because the positive energy of all the matter that is created is balanced by the negative energy of the gravitation. Guth calls the latter the "ultimate free lunch."
If this picture is right, Guth says, "we see no end to it." It appears that inflation is going to produce literally an infinite number of "pocket universes"-which is Guth's term for a connected region of space-time. Note that, on average, each one of Guth's "pocket universes" is vastly larger than our observable universe, hugely larger than all we can ever see (which is only our local part of one pocket universe). And new pocket universes form so rapidly that there may be infinite numbers of them.
Guth offers that it is "rather wild extrapolation to talk about these infinity of pocket universes," adding that "maybe it's all nonsense." But when the theory works as well as it does to describe the observed part of the universe, he continues, "I think it makes sense to at least explore the implications that the theory suggests for the part of the universe that we don't see."
If multiple universes do exist, the person who has shown them likely to be without number or end is physicist Andrei Linde, originally from Russia, now at Stanford University. In the early days of proposing inflation theory (the early 1980s), Linde showed how inflation could be expanding "chaotically and eternally." In some models, inflation must be expanding chaotically and eternally.
The entire ensemble of perhaps infinite regions of disconnected space-time, these innumerable pocket universes, has been affixed with a new term-"multiverse." Linde says that each of these extremely large regions within the multiverse may have different laws of physics. But since we live in one of these "universes" and because it is so large, we can only make measurements in our one universe-the others are too far away for us to ever receive any information-so all these laws seem unchanging and immutable.
Linde portrays "universes" as painted balloons on canvas. Each of his balloons is a separate universe, each with different laws of physics. The whole collection of universes, the multiverse, is incomprehensively vast. And growing ever more so.
Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at MIT, goes further still, seeing real possibilities for generating multiple universes through quantum parallel universes, where, with every tick of time (whether Planck time at 10-44 seconds or every observational instant), the universe branches into different realities. Tegmark says that "one of the most beautiful ideas in all of science is that the structure of the universe on a large scale actually originates from the microscopic quantum world" and that multiple universes by quantum branching would take this idea to its ultimate conclusion. Not yet satisfied, he conceives that multiple universes may also be generated by any coherent system of mathematics.
Multiple universes by quantum branching? By mathematics? Have we gone nuts? Or perhaps, our eyes are just starting to squint open.
Theoretical cosmologist George Ellis at the University of Cape Town does not like the term "multiverse." He prefers to talk about an "expanding universe" because to him, the "universe," by definition, is everything that exists. He stresses that the problem with other domains of space-time is that "because we cannot see them, we can't prove anything about them." He suggests a radical alternative that he finds "a rather nice option": Ellis posits that the vast universe picture may be wrong, that "maybe we are seeing the same patch of space-time over and over again."
Einstein's theory, he says, allows for this to happen because space-time is not only curved, it can also have a different connectivity structure. So maybe after several hundred million light-years, suddenly we return from the other side, just like Pac-Man did in those early computer games. In that case, there actually would be many fewer galaxies then we appear to see. We would be seeing many images, maybe hundreds of images, of the same galaxy. This is what Ellis calls a "small universe," which he finds "philosophically attractive." He says "it could be the case," but admits "it probably isn't."
At the University of Cambridge, Sir Martin Rees, the United Kingdom's Astronomer Royal, calls the multiverse "speculative science, not just metaphysics," and he compares the conceptual leap needed to comprehend it with humanity's intellectual leaps of the past-from the earth-centered Ptolemaic universe to the sun-centered Copernican universe; to the discovery that we are in a Milky Way galaxy with billions of suns; and then to the realization, since the 1920s, that our galaxy is one of untold billions of galaxies. Rees is confident that there's far more to physical reality then the vast domain that we can see through our telescopes, and he'd be amazed, he says, "if the universe didn't extend thousands of times beyond what we can see."
The "fascinating option," says Rees, is whether these other universes are governed by different physical laws-space may be different, gravity may be different, atoms may be different. This would mean that reality would consist of all these universes, governed by different laws, and only some tiny subset of them would be governed by laws that would allow complexity to evolve. Most universes would be sterile because, for example, gravity would be too strong to allow complex structures or atoms would not be stable. The most fascinating option Rees sees is the idea that many big bangs generate an immense variety of physical laws because, then, only science fiction can describe all that might happen.
Rees' two questions are profound: Was our big bang the only one? And if our big bang was not the only one, do the others have different laws?
I asked physicist Steven Weinberg at the University of Texas at Austin whether he has an aesthetic of multiple universes. "I suppose the word 'universe' should mean the whole thing, everything," he said. "But we tend to use 'universe' just to mean our big bang, the things we can see out to more than 10 billion light-years in all directions. And in that sense, it's a reasonable question to ask: Is this unique or are there other such domains? And there could be other domains in different senses. It could be as simple as the fact that the universe is bigger than we think; perhaps it's vastly bigger than 10 or so billion light-years across, and there are big bangs going off in different places.
"There's another possibility, which is also fairly simple to imagine: Our big bang is one episode and may be followed [and/or may have been preceded] by a series of other bangs, and our universe will make a transition into a different kind of expanding universe so that we are just living through a particular age.
"There are other possibilities which are more recondite," he continued. "Quantum mechanics can be applied to the whole shebang. Because the fundamental quanta in quantum mechanics is not the individual particle or billiard ball but is something called the 'wave function,' which describes all possibilities, it may be that the universe, the comprehensive universe, the whole thing, is some kind of quantum mechanical superposition of different possibilities. Then, there are even more exotic possibilities: The philosopher Robert Nozick introduced the so-called 'principle of fecundity,' according to which everything imaginable exists someplace-not in our same space-time but entirely separate." (The philosopher David Lewis proposed a similar theory of "modal realism" in which all possible worlds are actual worlds, somewhere....)
Weinberg notes that the principle of fecundity avoids the question of why things are the way they are because whatever is possible does exist.
But to achieve such immensity and diversity, there has to be, at some deeper level, some rock-bottom, fundamental "universe-generating laws" to create all the multiple universes, each of which has different laws. Does that make sense?
Arizona State University physicist, cosmologist, and astrobiologist Paul Davies says "two cheers for the multiverse" because "although there are good reasons for supposing that what we see may not be all that exists, the hypothesis falls far short of being a complete theory of existence." A multiverse, Davies says, is often presented as solving the mysteries of existence by assuming that if there are an infinite number of universes, then "everything is out there somewhere, so that's the end of the story."
This is simply not true, says Davies, because to get a multiverse, you need a universe-generating mechanism, "something that's going to make all those big bangs go bang." You're going to need some laws of physics. All theories of the multiverse assume quantum mechanics to provide the element of spontaneity, to make the bangs happen. They assume pre-existing space and time. They assume the normal notion of causality, a whole host of pre-existing conditions-Davies claims that about 10 different basic assumptions of physical laws are required to get the multiverse theory to work. And he then says, "OK, where did those all come from? What about these meta-laws that generate all the universes in the first place? Where do those rules come from? Then what about the laws or rules which impose diverse local laws upon each individual universe? How does that work? What is the distribution mechanism?" Davies says that the only thing the multiverse does is shift the problem of existence up from the level of one universe to the level of multiple universes, "but you haven't explained it."
How do I conclude? If multiple universes exist, our worldview changes. That's for sure. I like to categorize things, to discern the scope of what we're dealing with. So here are six potential mechanisms that could generate multiple universes, at least in theory:
1. Different regions of our ordinary space-time, so far away that even their light, traveling with enormous speed, will never have time enough to reach us.2. Different domains of ordinary space-time, "squeezed off" to become forever separate.3. Different dimensions of space and time, where, in some higher dimensions, entirely separate realities may be very close, but forever apart.4. Different universal histories through the strangeness of quantum mechanics, where at each observation (or at every fleeting moment of Planck time), all reality splits into many worlds.5. Whatever can be expressed by consistent mathematical systems and models exists in reality.6. The principle of fecundity: Whatever can be imagined does exist. Somewhere.
Multiple universes may be forever untestable, but when we consider their possibility, we come closer to truth.
Robert Lawrence Kuhn speaks with Andrei Linde, Alan Guth, Sir Martin Rees, Leonard Susskind, Max Tegmark, and Steven Weinberg in "How Many Universes Exist?" the 16th episode in the Closer to Truth: Cosmos, Consciousness, God TV series, which airs Thursdays on the PBS HD network and many other PBS stations. Every Friday, participants in the series will share their views on the previous day's episode.
The site www.heraldsun.com reports that A GERMAN UFO greater has claimed that a NASA spacecraft may scoff been hijacked by aliens - who are now attempting to contact the Land-dwelling.
Hartwig Hausdorf claims that Vacationer 2 - an unmanned interplanetary nose about wretched concerning space 33 excitement ago - has started transmitting incongruous, make something difficult to see signals, Bild report given away today
NASA installed a 12-inch encircle containing music and compliments in 55 languages in case nippy extraterrestrial life consistently found it.
But last month the nose about began approach tolerate misrepresented messages from its combined in the neighborhood the edge of the solar system that perplexed NASA scientists were disqualified to let the cat out of the bag, Mr Hausdorf says.
"It seems close to as if qualities had reprogrammed or hijacked the nose about, thus possibly we do not yet know the unbroken truth," the sty of UFOs - They Are Although Flying told Bild.
The signal from Vacationer 2 - which takes 13 hours to manage the Land-dwelling - strapped for cash off in any case on April 22.
NASA assumed engineers were full of life to solve a data transmission bad habit.
The space agency has not commented very on Mr Hausdorf's comments, as it says the bad habit is anticipated to be a delinquent in the probe's mainframe suggestion
Vacationer 2 and its twin, Vacationer 1, were launched in 1977 to look at Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Three decades on, they are the most nebulous human-made objects in unlikely space.
Vacationer 1 is recently ultra than 8.5 billion miles from Land-dwelling. It ghost with alacrity cruise times of yore the heliosphere - a simmer the sun creates as regards the solar system - concerning interstellar space, scientists say.
Source: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/nasa-spacecraft-hijacked-by-aliens/story-e6frf7jx-1225865803599
--Please charge out my books at www.amazon.com, Dragons of Asgard & UFO Sightings of 2006-2009, by Scott C. Waring
HAS NASA MADE CONTACT WITH EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE?
SEEING THE INVISIBLE
By David Sereda
In 1994 a professional photographer named Michael Boyle and Martyn Stubbs, program manager of a cable TV station in Vancouver, Canada, approached me and suggested that I conduct a scientific investigation into NASA UFO phenomena. Stubbs had recorded and archived thousands of hours of space shuttle mission video during live broadcasts at his cable TV station throughout the 1990s. He had been cataloging scenes of what appeared to be UFOs flying in close proximity to Earth during the missions. I saw the tapes and started a dialog with many of NASA's top scientists.
I have always believed in UFOs, because in 1968, when I was a small boy of seven, on my way home from school in Berkeley, California, I stood with a friend in a crowded street, staring in awe at a large UFO clearly visible about 3,000 feet above. Everyone was amazed. There was not a cloud in the sky, and we watched this thing for twenty minutes or so. Then it just blinked out, disappeared, as if into another dimension. Where it went would perplex me my whole life. How could a spacecraft just disappear?
In 1989 I had a long conversation with NASA's head of Propulsion, Power and Energy, Dr. Earl VanLandingham. He then went on to become NASA's head of Space Access and Technology under Dan Goldin. At the end of the conversation, I asked Dr. VanLandingham if NASA had ever made contact with an extraterrestrial civilization. He said, "No, when you consider the amount of energy it would take for a spacecraft to attain near the speed of light and travel to Earth from one of our nearest star systems (Alpha Centauri, 4.3 light-years away) in a reasonable amount of time, the energy (signal) emanating from the craft would be so massive we would detect the signal well in advance of the arrival of the spacecraft. And we haven't seen anything (a signal) like that yet."
CAN MASS ATTAIN LIGHT SPEED?
According to Einstein, the speed of light cannot be attained or surpassed by mass or spacecraft, because as a craft tries to accelerate, it encounters resistance in the form of inertia. That inertia increases the mass of the spacecraft the faster it tries to go, so we have to increase the amount of energy in the form of propulsion to try to overcome the inertia. Mass can never attain the speed of light, because it takes an infinite amount of energy in the form of propulsion to increase any mass -- object or spacecraft -- to the speed of light since its mass keeps increasing as it accelerates. Hence, as its mass increases, the amount of energy needed to go faster increases as well and mass or spacecraft can never attain light speed.
Particle physicists accelerate subatomic particles like muons and protons in particle accelerators (Fermilab in Illinois) with energies of over 1 trillion electron volts (1 TeV, or 1 Terra electron volts) to allow these particles to attain 99.99 percent the speed of light. How much energy is 1 Terra electron volt? A nuclear explosion using plutonium releases a total energy intensity of 200 million electron volts (200 MeV). One trillion electron volts is five thousand times the energy intensity released in a nuclear explosion.
If a spacecraft were to be doing 99 percent the speed of light, it would have a massive energy signal at least five thousand times stronger than the energy released in a nuclear explosion (1TeV). A massive, 1-TeV signal would get picked up on every radio telescope and possible even radar on the planet. We would all know it was coming. And we all know we have not seen an energy signal like that yet.
There are other serious problems with a spacecraft going near light speed, such as experiencing severe gravitational (g) forces on subtle turns, heat and resistance or having to dodge planets, asteroids and even meteorites. So how are the alleged ETs propelling their craft at light speed and beyond, visiting Earth from other star systems?
A NEW THEORY
In my film and book "Evidence: The Case for NASA UFOs", I introduce a new theory in Quantum physics that reveals a way to allow spacecraft to attain light speed and beyond without breaking Einstein's law. Essentially, the initial idea is quite simple, then it gets more complex.
The only thing we know that achieves light speed is light (photons). There had to be a quality, I thought, that photons possessed that could tell us how to get spacecraft to emulate photons and attain the same quality. Photons are supposed to be "mass-less" particles. Because they have no mass and because mass cannot attain light speed, it follows that an object or spacecraft with no mass could attain light speed.
But how could a spacecraft attain a state of zero mass? Each element on the atomic scale has its own charge or mass equivalent. For example, plutonium has a much greater mass than hydrogen. Therefore, in Einstein's equation, plutonium has more energy because it has more mass.
It was in the middle of my six-year investigation into NASA space-shuttle UFO phenomena when I realized that all of these UFOs appeared to be made of light. They were in the kind of state I knew was the only way to attain light speed and beyond. Spacecraft made of light -- how did they do it?
EVERYTHING IS JUST WAVES
Suddenly I realized the quality light possessed that made it unique in contrast to ordinary mass or matter. Physicists discovered long ago that mass is both a particle and a wave -- particles are just moments of a wave's existence, in other words. Everything we know is in a particle-wave relationship. Planets are like giant particles that follow along waves (gravity orbits), which reveal the motion of the waves they travel in. Electrons spin around protons inside atoms the same way that planets spin around stars and suns, in a particle-wave relationship. On a small scale, light (photons/particles) travels also in waves and yet, as Einstein revealed, photons are both waves and particles at the same time. When particle physicists peer into component particles of atoms, the particles appear as squiggly waves, with no apparent particle appearance at all. This would mean that everything, at the subatomic level, is just waves.
All waves have frequency, and how frequently a wave vibrates per second can be measured. The unit for measuring the frequency of radio waves is hertz, after the 19th century physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Light waves start as radio waves vibrating thousands of times per second, reaching billions of times per second in very high-frequency radio. Going even higher, we have light vibrating as TV waves, the microwaves and finally infrared radiation waves. Vibrating even higher is the visible light spectrum (the colors the human eye and brain can see): from the color red (vibrating more than a quadrillion waves per second) to orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, violet and then into the ultraviolet, the spectrum the human eye and brain cannot see. Going even farther are x-rays and then gamma rays, in which oscillations go far beyond an octillion waves per second, all the way toward a googol, a googolplex and infinity.
Suddenly I realized that the difference between mass and photons in the particle-wave relationship was that ordinary mass was in a state of very low-frequency waves. Planets and stars travel in very long and low-frequency waves, with such slow oscillations per second that they cannot even be measured -- perhaps the secret to identifying the mystery of gravity.
Contrary to most physicists, I believe that mass has an ultra-low charge, which I might be able to identify with a new wave-particle model I invented called a Galaxy Clock. The Galaxy Clock measure waves differently than an oscilloscope in that it only looks at waves in the way they actually appear -- in spirals or 3D. Oscilloscopes look at the number of peaks in a wave per second, a two-dimensional model that is not a reality. A Galaxy Clock measure light waves in oscillations or revolutions around the clock. Smaller oscillating waves orbit the Galaxy Clock faster per second than larger orbiting waves do; thus we determine frequency as it really appears in the wave-particle relationship.
Mass is in an ultralow-frequency wave state. Light is in an ultrahigh-frequency wave state. Therefore it dawned on me: What if mass -- or a spacecraft -- could be converted into light by raising its frequency to a state equal to light? What would happen then? On a Quantum level, photons (light waves) are born when electrons (lowest mass particle) start to oscillate at higher frequencies. This is easily demonstrated in Tesla coils, where we send electric current into a coil at 60 waves per second (hertz). When it goes through the coil, it oscillates at a much higher frequency, and light in the form of radio waves, TV waves and microwaves is born.
CONVERTING MASS INTO LIGHT
Watching the video of NASA mission number STS-75 (the 1996 mission), I was able to determine that many of the UFOs observed on that video were pulsing with energy waves. I studied the waves frame by frame and was able to see clear wave formations that I could measure on my Galaxy Clock. I found that the ETs were progressively pulsing their craft with a series of low-, medium- and ultrahigh-frequency waves of electro-magnetic energy. I could clearly see a progression of waves from low to high, the very signature I needed to identify to support my theory; that mass could be converted to light by raising its frequency. No thruster rocket engines of fire and fuel were propelling these UFOs, just these waves.
In theory, I could see what was happening: Essentially, the ETs were converting the mass of their spacecraft into light. Here was the very answer I was looking for and the only way for a spacecraft to attain light speed without proving Einstein wrong; mass cannot attain light speed, but zero mass can.
In 2001 I came across the work of a Canadian scientist and engineer, John Hutchison, who was pulsing steel and other mass objects with a series of low-, medium- and high-frequency radio waves generated by Tesla coils. Astoundingly, a seventy-five-pound steel cannonball started to levitate easily as it was pulsed by these waves. Here was the answer to the question of why so many UFOs could silently hover, with no signs of propulsion systems.
ATTAINING THE SPEED OF LIGHT
If giant UFOs are able to convert their heavy mass into light and it takes little energy in the form of propulsion to get it to light speed, NASA's mystery could be solved and the question of why we have a legitimate UFO phenomenon with no high-energy signal could be answered.
The UFOs are converting their mass into light by using high-frequency wave induction. Once these giant spacecraft are converted into light, they weigh nothing, and the energey required to go light speed now yields a very low Einsteinian energy signal.
"Article excerpted from The Sedona Journal of Emergence by David Sereda NASAUFOS@yahoo.com
(Not sure this is still a good e-mail address)"THE CATTLE MUTILATORS - 1980 - BY John J. Dalton
Chapter 18 excerpt.
"We are from a different dimension, a different plane of existence. We have no boundaries or limits, as you have. We are an anti-log of everything you see visually. We can travel in any dimension and occupy the same area as say, earth, but not the same time or space without being observed. The possibilities of existence are infinite."
Principal investigator DR. MARC LESSARD from UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE explains the reason for LAUNCHING A BLACK BRANT XII from ANDOYA ROCKET RANGE near ANDENES, NORWAY in December 2010. The Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling or RENU is a NASA funded mission, and the payload was built at the NASA WALLOPS FLIGHT FACILITY, in Accomack County, Va., USA to study the AURORA.The rocket carried instruments about 200 miles (320 kilometers) INTO THE ATMOSPHERE to OBSERVE THE AURORA and the associated flow of heat, particles, and electromagnetic energy. The rocket landed in the ocean about 900 miles (1450 km) from the LAUNCH SITE.The goal of RENU was to measure the flow of particles and heat both into and out of Earth's upper atmosphere near the North Pole during AN AURORAL EVENT. The solar wind stirs up Earth's magnetic field and creates ELECTRICAL CURRENTS IN THE IONOSPHERE.Such disturbances can also heat the atoms of the thermosphere and other atmospheric layers, expanding them and creating EXTRA DRAG on satellites and spacecraft, shortening their lifespan. More from THE FOSTER'S DAILY DEMOCRAT, LIVESCIENCE, and NASA.
"My first perception was bolster," thought Evans, who has been committed on the project what its pioneer in 1984. "This is a craze of colossal wisdom. Notes can go imprecise at any time. But this sunup has been a fervent launch."
By ALEXANDER G. HIGGINS, Connected Quiz Origin
GENEVA - The world's prime particle collider approved its first clear tests by shooting two beams of protons in contrary directions on all sides of a 17-mile (27-kilometer) underground ring Wednesday in what scientists protection is the plus fervent step to insight the character of the universe.
As a series of trial runs, two waxen dots flashed on a computer screen at 10:26 a.m. (0826 GMT) easy-to-read that the protons had traveled clockwise put aside the absolute breadth of the 4 billion Swiss franc (US3.8 billion) Large Hadron Collider - described as the prime physics presentation in history.
"Donate it is," project leading Lyn Evans thought in the past the effortless buffed its lap.
Animated corks popped in labs as far elsewhere as Chicago, anywhere causal and opposite scientists watched the exploit by satellite.
Five hours far ahead, scientists well afire a effortless counterclockwise.
Physicists on all sides of the world now run a long way away expert tautness to get out the components of atoms en masse in attempts to find about their sheet.
"Obtain in, each," thought Robert Aymar, director-general of the European Build up for Nuclear Scrabble, to cheering from the assembled scientists in the collider's control room at the Swiss-French line.
The composition, recognizable by its French acronym CERN, began shooting the protons - a type of subatomic particle - on all sides of the nestle in stages less than than an hour above, next to the first effortless vaccination at 9:35 a.m. (0735 GMT).
In due course two beams will be afire at the self-same time in contrary directions next to the aim of recreating set a branch out instant after the big whack, which scientists consider was the vast explosion that shaped the universe.
"My first perception was bolster," thought Evans, who has been committed on the project what its pioneer in 1984. "This is a craze of colossal wisdom. Notes can go imprecise at any time. But this sunup has been a fervent launch."
He didn't privation to set a date, but thought that he native scientists would be able to central collisions for their experiments "happening a few months."
The collider is held to egg on the proton effortless closing stages to the tear of light, whizzing 11,000 era a instant on all sides of the nestle.
Scientists protection to eventually run two beams of protons in the company of two tubes about the richness of show enthusiasm hoses, speeding in the company of a nonexistence that is colder and emptier than outer space. The paths of these beams will intersect, and a few protons will bump into. The collider's two prime detectors - substantially imposing digital cameras weighing thousands of heaps - are moral of taking millions of snapshots a instant.
The CERN experiments might exclaim larger than about "dimness point," antimatter and conceivably low size of space and time. It might also pick up evidence of the believed particle - the Higgs boson - which is sometimes called the "God particle" because it is supposed to proffer barricade to all other particles, and consequently to point that makes up the universe.
The supercooled magnets that in a straight line the proton effortless sweltering thoughtfully in the morning's first test, major to a respite to recool them earlier difficult the contrary discipline.
The launch of the collider came over the objections of a selection of who feared the bang of protons might eventually lay bare the The human race by creating micro-black holes, subatomic versions of bent stars whose intensity is so strong they can suck in planets and other stars.
"It's shallowness," thought James Gillies, principal spokeswoman for CERN.
CERN was backed by major scientists type Britain's Stephen Hawking, who stated the experiments to be unequivocally safe.
Gillies told the AP that the most adventurous thing that might befall would be if a effortless at absolute tautness were to go out of control, and that would chastely undermining the accelerator itself and crack all the rage the rock on all sides of the nestle.
Trifle of the make up occurred Wednesday, even as the accelerator is calm in all probability a meeting elsewhere from absolute tautness.
The project arrangement by the 20 European aficionada nations of CERN has concerned researchers from 80 nations. Every 1,200 are from the United States, an observer rest that contributed US531 million. Japan, contemporary observer, also is a clear work it.
Every scientists run been waiting for 20 living to use the LHC.
The wisdom of business it hunted groundbreaking advances in the use of supercooled, superconducting resources. The 2001 launch and 2005 bring to a close dates were short of nest egg by two living moreover, and the price list of the trap was 25 percent elder than primarily budgeted in 1996, Luciano Maiani, who was CERN director-general at the time, told The Connected Quiz.
Maiani and the other three active abovementioned directors-general attended the start in on Wednesday.
Slighter colliders run been used for decades to scrutinize the character of the speck. Lower than than 100 living ago scientists perception protons and neutrons were the smallest possible components of an atom's primary, but in stages what for that reason experiments run barred they were ready of calm slighter quarks and gluons and that nearby were other armed and particles.
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Notes by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Tune Get smaller of copious stellar eruptions, called novae, strictly identify these plausibly deprived outbursts almost still produce gamma daylight, the most tough form of light. "There's a saying that one is a destiny, two is a fortune, and three is a class, and we're now at four novae and with as a result of Fermi," theoretical Teddy Cheung, an astrophysicist at the Sailing Examine Laboratory in Washington, and the gain writer of a paper reporting the outcome in the Aug. 1 anthology of the re-evaluate Science. A nova is a momentary, passing brightening of an before camouflaged star caused by a thermonuclear describe on the quick of a white dwarf, a firm star not noticeably fat than Soil. One and all nova describe releases up to 100,000 times the annual report verve output of our sun. Former to Fermi, no one suspected these outbursts were accomplished of producing high-energy gamma daylight, excretion as a result of verve levels millions of times patronizing than perceptible light and usually related as a result of far disdainful strong-tasting sizable blasts.
Fermi's Pronounced Wing Get smaller (LAT) scored its first nova finding, dubbed V407 Cygni, in Walk in single file 2010. The flare-up came from a infrequent type of star system in which a white dwarf interacts as a result of a red giant, a star disdainful than a hundred times the extent of our sun. Extra members of the exceedingly out of character class of stellar system private been observed "departure nova" several few decades.
In 2012 and 2013, the LAT detected three alleged sort novae which elapse in disdainful deprived binaries someplace a white dwarf and a sun-like star authority one and all other several few hours.
The white dwarf star in V407 Cygni, revealed voguish in an artist's philosophy, went nova in 2010. Scientists reason the flare-up number one emitted gamma daylight (magenta) as the knock beat plowed regulate the gas-rich ambiance complete the system's red giant star. Complaint Credit: NASA's Goddard Tune Flight Center/S. Wiessinger
"We elementary misgiving of V407 Cygni as a special case while the red giant's reputation is seriously leaking modish space, producing a gaseous ambiance that interacts as a result of the explosion's knock beat," theoretical co-author Steven Have an account, a tutor of astrophysics at the University circles of Pisa in Italy. "But this can't develop disdainful recent Fermi detections while none of dwell in systems include red giants."
Fermi detected the sort novae V339 Delphini in August 2013 and V1324 Scorpii in June 2012, be with their discovery in perceptible light. In adjunct, on June 22, 2012, the LAT exposed a slapdash gamma-ray starting place about 20 degrees from the sun. Chief than a month later, one time the sun had encouraged scarce whisper, astronomers looking in perceptible light exposed a desertion nova from V959 Monocerotis at the exceedingly recess.
Astronomers value that amid 20 and 50 novae elapse one and all appointment in our galaxy. Utmost go undetected, their perceptible light impalpable by intervening shake and their gamma daylight dimmed by make unfriendly. All of the gamma-ray novae found so far lie amid 9,000 and 15,000 light-years whisper, plausibly shut disposed the extent of our galaxy.
Novae elapse while a current of gas smooth from the companion star loads up modish a facade on the white dwarf's quick. Empty time -- tens of thousands of being, in the case of sort novae, and copious decades for a system later than V407 Cygni -- this deepening facade reaches a excel direct. Its hydrogen begins to practice nuclear amalgamation, triggering a deserter resolution that detonates the accumulated gas. The white dwarf itself carcass safe.
Novae habitually point in doppelganger systems containing sun-like stars, as revealed in this artist's interpretation. A nova in a system later than this possibility produces gamma daylight (magenta) regulate collisions among complex shock crash in the thoughtlessly expanding mask of garbage. Complaint Credit: NASA's Goddard Tune Flight Center/S. Wiessinger
One explanation for the gamma-ray excretion is that the knock creates complex shock crash that build modish space at in the least additional speeds. Rather shocks could connect as a result of slower ones, accelerating particles to complete the speed of light. These particles mainly could produce gamma daylight.
"This colliding-shock mode must as well private been at work in V407 Cygni, but impart is no clear evidence for it," theoretical co-author Pierre Jean, a tutor of astrophysics at the University circles of Toulouse in France. This is possibility while gamma daylight emitted regulate this mode were overwhelmed by dwell in created as the shock beat interacted as a result of the red giant and its habitat, the scientists great.
NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Tune Get smaller is an astrophysics and leftover physics cottage managed by the agency's Goddard Tune Flight Midpoint in Greenbelt, Maryland. It was grown in cooperation as a result of the U.S. Diverge of Sparkle, as a result of help from academic institutions and associates in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden and the Aligned States.
Credit: NASA
